The Colonization of Hawaii and Tourism Essay - 4434 Words

The Colonization of Hawaii and Tourism Since 1840 the Hawaiian Islands have been an escape to a tropical paradise for millions of tourists. People all over the world encounter alluring, romanticized pictures of Hawaiis lush, tropical vegetation, exotic animals, beautiful beaches, crystal clear water, and fantastical women. This is the Hawaii tourists know. This is the Hawai’i they visit. However, this Hawaii is a state of mind, a corporate-produced image existing on the surface. More precisely, it is an aftermath of relentless colonization of the islands native inhabitants by the United States. These native Hawaiians experience a completely different Hawaii from the paradise tourists enjoy. No one makes this as clear as†¦show more content†¦They (discourses) operate in relation to power (Hall 205). In a post-colonial setting, such as Hawai’i, the knowledge and principles conveyed by the colonizing discourse dominates society and becomes a colonizing power. The effect is the suppression of native cul ture. Hall points out that discourses often contradict one another. Discourses conflict because they are produced by different societies that have different interests, and therefore, reflect different interests. For example, the native Hawaiian communal society does not place interest on the personal gain that is the foundation of capitalism. Therefore, it is not surprising that the native Hawaiian discourse of tourism is different from the United States capitalist discourse of tourism. To fully understand the native Hawaiian discourse of tourism, it is necessary to know how it has developed. The suffering produced by the tourist industry began with the emergence of the haole, or white settler. The first explorer to discover and colonize Hawaii was Captain James Cook in 1778. With him he brought capitalism, modern political ideas, Christianity, and the most devastating of all, diseases. The West (Europe) imposed its superior ideology on the native Hawaiian, primitive culture. Hall explains that when Europe brought its own cultural categories, languages, images, and ideas to the New World, it tried to fit the New World into existing frameworks, classifying it according to its (European)Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Colonization On The Hawaiian Environments950 Words   |  4 PagesT/Th 4pm 05/27/2016 The Effects of Colonization on the Hawaiian Environments Hawaii has always been a beautiful flourishing place, but since the first arrival of outsiders, the local flora and fauna have been greatly affected. Hawaii is located in one of the most secluded parts of the world, being thousands of miles from the closest land mass. For an excessive amount of time Hawaii lived in isolation. The arrival of Captain Cook in the 18th century impacted Hawaii instantly. Like any arrival of westernersRead MoreLovley Hula Hands1259 Words   |  6 Pages100 13 March 2014 The Prostitution of the Hawaiian Islands Lovely Hula Hands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture written by Haunani Kay Trask was written in 1993. Trask wrote this paper to inform Americans about what she thinks of tourism, a â€Å"colonial imposition† towards the Hawaiian culture. Trask incorporates ethos, pathos and logos throughout her essay to show how tourism effects these three points in the Hawaiian culture: The homeland, the language and dance of theRead MoreThe Trans Oceanic Movement Of People Of The Pacific2452 Words   |  10 PagesAs we have learned throughout our semester from the many coursework assigned, we know the trans-oceanic movement of people of the Pacific coordinates hand in hand with native and settlers sexualities. We learned that the through past and current colonization, the Pacific has been conceptualized from Euro-Americans. 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Background and History The Brown Tree Snake is well-known for the intense ecological impacts it has had on vertebrate life with its postwar arrival on the island of Guam (Rodda, G. H., amp; Savidge, J. A., 2007). AroundRead MoreIlocos History2850 Words   |  12 PagesThe Ilocano history reveals his struggles and victories – in battles for colonial independence from Spain and America, to Philippine leadership. The new Ilocano searched for greener pastures towards new lands local and foreign - Palawan, Mindanao, Hawaii, the United States and Greece. Geographical Location Ilocos Norte is located in the northwestern part of Luzon and is geographically situated between 170-43’ and 180-29’ north latitudes and 1200-25’ and 1200-58’ east longitudes. It is boundedRead MoreTrobriand Islanders-Malinowski and Weiner10855 Words   |  44 Pagesmovement. Her main informant Vanoi was himself caught up in this struggle, shifting [pic] ― 41 ― his allegiance between the two main camps on several occasions. But this fight over Trobriand tradition and its relation to economic development and tourism is not a part of Weiners study, being seen primarily as a disturbing threat to her main lines of enquiry (1976, xix–xx; but see Weiner 1982b).[4] These conflicts deserve to be considered, however, since as Young suggests (1979, 19), tradition itselfRead MoreDefination of Globalisation12291 Words   |  50 Pagessocial status, cultural background, and ethnic and religious affiliation provide the background that determines how globalization is interpreted. In 1995, Martin Khor, President of the Third World Network 2 in Malaysia, referred to globalization as colonization. Concurrently, Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization (2001), stated that globalization: â€Å"is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. 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Genetically Modified Organism Free Essays

Vecchio 1 Genetically Modified Organisms Hayley Vecchio Here comes synthetic food, and their big money, and they want to control, our body and soul† — Ziggy Marley, from, â€Å"Tumblin’ Down† (Miller [4]). In 1988 Bob Marley’s son Ziggy warned us about synthetic foods, three decades before big corporations started commercially gene-gunning virus and hormone sequences into the DNA of seeds. The debate over genetically modified (GM) food, also known as genetically modified organisms (GMO’s), is vast. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Organism or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe that the use and creation of genetically modified foods should be banned until health effects are better understood. All the meanwhile the spread of genetically modified organisms has gone unnoticed by the majority of Americans, most have no idea that there are GMOs in their food, and may not even know what a GMO is. The people of America deserve to know what they are consuming (Barret). The graph above shows that 63 percent of processed food in the United States contains GM ingredients (Barrett). Soda and sweets are almost guaranteed to contain GM ingredients. Not only does the US government allow this overabundant and dangerous use of GMO’s, but they don’t require food manufacturers to disclose their use of genetically modified organisms. Vecchio 2 Looking at these statistics and that of America’s obesity epidemic, it’s quite obvious that there is most likely a connection between the two. Another reason I believe the use and distribution of GMO’s is wrong is because they have a plethora of known and unknown risks to humans and the environment. The non-GMO movement now has more than 60 groups actively concerned with the issue, all with a common goal of, at least temporarily, eliminating GMO foods from the market. On a national scale GMO’s have been forced upon the public by big companies without adequate oversight and regulation by the United States Government. Groups participating in the non-GMO movement are mainly concerned with a lack of information, and public participation. These groups believe that the agrobiotechnology problem is a violation of personal freedoms and democratic rights (Roff 513). Major concerns come from previous incidents in which unintentional contamination by GM and non-GM plants took place. The inefficiency of the US government has allowed GMO-related problems to go unchecked. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ignored the findings of many of its own scientists regarding genetically modified foods (Driscoll and Morley 1). I meditate that at a minimum, the USDA should be required to implement a food labeling system, so that Americans, like Europeans, will have a choice in whether or not to purchase genetically modified foods. So far, Europe has emphasized governance approaches in regulation of new technologies more than the USA. Studies show that when mandatory labeling became required in Europe, sales of a GM products dropped drastically (Roff 512). I contemplate the same effects would happen in the United States as well, because when given a choice, many Americans would opt out of purchasing GMO foods. Vecchio 3 Fortunately for the U. S, California has recently taken action by voting in favor of a GMO labeling law which could ultimately affect the rest of the U. S. California voters already have a record of being leaders in food reform; and because the state makes up almost twelve percent of the US population, food companies might well start unveiling GMO’s nationwide (Philpot [1]). Moreover I believe GMO’s need to be taken off the market until the health effects are better understood. In addition to this belief The Natural Society recently published an article releasing new information about Monsanto’s GMO corn. Revisions show that Monsanto GM corn is contributing to one of the country’s fastest growing problems. A study published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences shows that GM food is contributing to the obesity epidemic. It was reported that in a study using lab rats that were fed GMO corn and organic corn, the rats eating GM corn effectively proved the dangers of GMO’s and the risks go beyond weight increase (Driscoll and Morley 4). Gilles-Eric Seralini, an expert member of the Commissions for biotechnology Reevaluation indicates that in each study of GMO’s â€Å"the kidney and liver, which are the main organs that react to a chemical food poisoning, had problems (Barrett). Needless to say, Monsanto’s GMO crops are causing other problems in our world. While contributing to weight gain, the company’s GM corn has been resistant to root worms; causing farmers to use more pesticides, paradoxically defeating the purpose of using GMO’s in the first place (Barrett). Not only are GMO’s wreaking havoc on human health, but these crops are known to cause damage to nature. Another motive to stop the sale and creation of GMO’s is its effects on our environment and the natural cycle of life. Scientists are beginning to see short-term consequences but the long-term are still unknown. Similar to air and water, food is an essential element of life. GM crops have the potential to change ecosystems. For example scientists have Vecchio 4 been engineering salmon, tilapia, carp and other fishes to promote faster growth and resistance to disease. The problem that arises is that these genetically engineered fish are escaping the nets and could possibly be breeding with natural fish. This scenario could eventually cause an instinction of natural born fish. Scientist refer to this as the â€Å"Trojan gene effect,† with the worry that it holds the risk of wiping out entire populations. Driscoll and Morley 4). The same effects are unfortunately occurring in crops all around the world. Due to cross contamination and pollen drift, very few products in the US are completely free of GMO’s (â€Å"Business News; Whole Foods†[2]). Any crop grown outdoors that is pollinated by the wind or insects runs the risk of cross-pollination. An additional reason to stop th e creation of GMO’s is the theory that many weeds have become herbicide-resistant after being cross-pollinated with GMO plants. The fear is that contaminated weeds will become super-weeds, over taking native plants, thereby taking over the ecosystem. A British study revealed that bird populations may be decreasing in certain areas due to the growth of GM crops. And companies do little to keep out wild life that come and nibble on their genetically recombinant crops, which have caused many animals to become sick. Many Animal Rights activists have taken initiative to stop the cloning processes used to alter the genetic structure of animals (Driscoll and Morley [4]). The biggest issue for me along with many others is that scientists are tampering with living, natural creatures. These changes are causing pain to the animals. For example science has increased the rate and size at which chickens grow so drastically that many come out mutated, missing eyes, beck’s, or other major body parts. Vecchio 5 Their genes are changed so that they grow and exceed their designed size and weight, which in turn breaks their legs causing them to suffer a short lived life. Not only is wildlife in danger but organic Farmers are facing troubles with cross-pollination. There are many cases in which cross contamination occurred with GM crops. The USDA is now regulating organic foods to be GM-free, but the farmers have no control over this natural process. Statistics collected in Spain show the twenty-five percent of their organic farms had been contaminated by GMOs (Driscoll and Morley[5]). Another major contributor to the contamination of plants by GMO’s occurs during transportation, and because of this the European Union now implements testing on all shipments. I will depict upon the theories that often claim that GMO’s are the solution to worldwide hunger; many supporters of this are involved in big companies who use GMO’s. But ironically enough even some of the poorest countries, including Zambia, Mali, Australia, Japan, and all of the European Union, have restrictions and bans on the production of GMO’s (â€Å"Business News; Whole Foods†[2]). Distribution is actually the main problem in feeding the world’s 700 million hungry people. When food is produced locally with better efficiency starvation rates decreases in many poorer nations, the hope is to do this in numerous places around the world and the numbers of hungry individuals worldwide can be decreased over time. Organizations such as the Center for Food Safety are largely concerned and actively involved in preventing the use of GMO’s (Driscoll and Morley [4]). The discussions of alternative solutions have been a hot topic. Many question whether or not improving water supply and soil be a better long term solution. These alternatives hold the potential to create jobs and could be a more effective way to end hunger, worldwide. Vecchio 6 Another valuable point to be made is whether or not cross-breeding and genetic recombination of different species crosses an ethical line that humans were not meant to cross. From a religious perspective, many disagree with scientists creations of genetically modified plants. My true opinion on the matter is that people need more knowledge. What is a GMO? Yes, GMO means genetically modified organisms, but what does that really mean. Well you can say that genes are combined into different links that in turn change the genetic makeup of an animal or plant. But even so, the public knowledge of GMO’s is very vague. In traditional ways of plants genetic makeup, the genes introduced into plant cells are chosen at random chromosomal positions. The new plant then copies a gene for the same enzymes, however in some cases due to DNA sequence differences a plant does not have an herbicide resistance gene. Genes are composed of DNA, which stores all of the information that maps out an organism’s structure and functions. Genetic engineering involves taking the genes of one organism and putting them into another, altering the genetic structure. This is when science has come in and located the specific chromosomal spot in which a plant needs a designed gene in order for it to be herbicide resistant. So one gene is knocked out and replaced by a man made engineered one. In scientific terms it doesn’t sound too bad, the question then is, what are these natural genes being replaced with? Well for one arctic fish genes were implanted into tomatoes and strawberries to produce a tolerance to frost, jellyfish genes were introduced into pigs’ DNA to light up their noses in the dark along with potatoes that glow in the dark (Anderson [1]), human genes were inserted into corn to produce spermicide, and corn was engineered with hepatitis virus genes (Miller [1]). This is only a microscopic view of what science has done, I believe that it is not safe Vecchio 7 and is still in the vast outer space of unknown, it’s also unethical but that if for each individual to decide for him/herself. GMO foods have been hurriedly pushed into the marketplace with inadequate testing and research, putting human safety in danger. Major corporations, such as Monsanto, DuPont and Novartis, see GMO products as a way to make potentially huge profits, without the slightest care for their consumers. Many of these companies producing GMO food products have poor track records regarding environmental and consumer safety. I believe one of the largest corruptions in businesses involved in genetically engineering today is the control GMO companies have over farmers. Farmers are finically stuck with these corrupt companies and legally obligated to them. For example in 2001 Roger Nelson fought a political fight with the powerful Monsanto. Monsanto claims the Nelsons infringed on its patent seeds. The case prompted the Legislature to pass what was known as the â€Å"Nelson bill,† which requires companies such as Monsanto to notify farmers when they suspect them of patent infringements. Nelson said â€Å"A farmer can go out and buy brand new, conventional seed and you can’t get any written guarantees that they’re GMO-free. † Another problem that was left unresolved after this court case is the fact that when farmers save some seeds for crops in 2002, if that seed contained Roundup Ready genes, farmers can be sued for infringing on Monsanto patent. This leaves farmers with no say what’s so ever in the way the grow crops or what crops they grow; they are modern slaves to the big businesses (â€Å"Farmer Gets Ready to Plant†). As perquisites off any market solutions, a non-GMO group has focused on the consumer’s right to know. Additionally, most customers do not have a choice in the food system. With no access to healthy and fresh foods, many citizens in urban and rural areas cannot afford Vecchio 8 the cost of healthy foods. Even when stores exist with good organic food the products are priced far beyond what the average citizen can afford. This dilemma is one that will shrink, when more privileged Americans begin to shop organically. This will set off a change in supply and demand, if the people begin to demand organic foods or GMO labeling companies will be forced to supply. In local and national scales it’s going to be the people of American that stop feeding the giants they wish to vanquish. In conclusion there are many serious questions regarding the safety of GMO products and their impact on our planet. So far, the US government has not done its job in overseeing the testing of these products before they become available to consumers. I can see in many ways how the world’s ecosystems, farmers, and consumers are guinea pigs in a dangerous experiment that ensures profits for biotech companies and potential disaster for the future of our food system. Someone needs to stand up to the big GMO corporations, it might not be drastic but over time we as humans have the power to impact the demand put on GM foods. The less of a demand the less creation and distribution there will be. Whether it is because it’s unethical, unhealthy, or immoral it’s time to take action against GMO production. Hayley Vecchio 4-1-13 Mr. Oliverio En 110 Position Paper Genetically Modified Foods How to cite Genetically Modified Organism, Papers Genetically modified organism Free Essays Good afternoon Ladles and Gentlemen. Today, the topic for our debate is on whether â€Å"the benefits of transgenic species outweigh the ethical considerations. † We, the negative team, believe that this statement is false. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically modified organism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first affirmative speaker has tried to tell you that transgenic plant species are a revolutionary new way to produce crops with dramatically Increasing yields and as a result, this will Increase the farmlands’ productivity. However, this Is wrong. In fact, as evidence suggests, the introduction of transgenic crops are doing very little to increase overall crop yields. The second affirmative speaker spoke to you on how transgenic animals provides a shortcut to the development of animals that have many desired traits and its products can be benefits of mankind. Examples Include animals such as transgenic pigs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids and cows that produce better milk. In our defense, animals do have their own rights. The creation of transgenic animals is morally wrong and the long-term effect on them and their consumers are questionable. Finally, the third and final speaker from the affirmative team made a point on how rearranges species will herald a new era of food production, Improving animal food quality and productivity. They may not be natural, but not everything natural Is good for us and not everything unnatural is bad for us. She argued that genetically modified foods have been on the market since 1996, we would know by now if they were an immediate health threat. However, this is wrong, Just because you don’t know of a problem, who is there to say that it doesn’t exist? Most transgenic products are still yet to be tested for safety and it may be most of these that are ending up In our grocery carts without us even knowing. From this, we can also see that more and more possible health risks associated with transgenic species are starting to show. First let us examine one of our case studies. The transgenic plant MOON 810 corn. This is a genetically modified crop developed by an American agricultural biotechnology corporation Monsanto. Bacillus Thirstiness, a bacterium which produces the BET toxin poisonous to insects, Is Inserted as a gene Into the DNA of MOON 81 0 corns. This plant has been purposely modified to combat crop loss due to Insects and Is now rowan on a large scale in USA. Despite it having been claimed that the insecticide will cause no harm to human consumers, However there is compelling evidence that shows the rates of chronic diseases have been increasing drastically since transgenic species products were introduced to public in USA. The chart on this slide show increase in Inflammation rate, such as chronic constipation, gastrointestinal reflux, In April 2009, the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety of the German government suspended the approval and banned the cultivation of any ore MAMMON maize. It also got banned in other countries around the world including Austria, Greece and France. Since July 12th its cultivation has been banned in Italy, in reaction to a scientific report sent out by the Italian Agricultural Research Council. Another example of a transgenic species is cows being treated with a genetically engineered form of Bovine assimilation, also known as BIG. BIG is a peptide hormone produced by cows that is shown to have kept their metabolic processes regulated, increased their milk yield and beef growth. Yet, while this is all happening, his was also slowly killing the cow. In 1937, the administration of BIG was shown to be increasing the milk yield in lactating cows. Until the sass, there was a very limited use of the compound in agriculture and during this time also, the knowledge of the structure and function of the hormone increased. Later, the gene had been separated, purified and was now being applied to cow through genetic engineering. Since then, it has been immersed in controversy and parts of the concerns were in regards to the potential effects this has on the animals’ health. A 1991 report by Rural Vermont revealed that BIG cows were suffering from serious health problems, including an alarming rise in the number of deformed calves and in mastitis, a painful bacterial infection of the udder that causes inflammation. Milk taken from these cows also now contained higher levels of GIF-I (Insulin Growth Factor-I). Although we, humans, naturally have GIF-I, elevated levels of it have been linked to the diagnosis of colon and breast cancer. Although there has been no direct connection made as yet between the two, some scientists have expressed concern ever the possibility of this relationship. Our first speaker spoke to you about how transgenic developed plants contains genes that have been artificially introduced into the plant’s genetic makeup through several biotechnology techniques. It is highly questionable if Monsanto did, in fact, deliver the crops as they had claimed according to Doug Guarani-grandfather’s book â€Å"Failure to yield†. After more than 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialism’s in the United States, it can be concluded that transgenic species crops have done little o increase overall crop yields. A report by researchers from the University of Wisconsin also suggest to us that transgenic developed plants have still a â€Å"long way from generating higher crop yields with fewer inputs. Our first speaker also spoke that one of the major factors that led to an estimated 125,000 cotton farmers taking their own life was that of transgenic cotton failing to yield. Our second speaker spoke to you about the ethical issues of animal rights and any value they have to humans and a right to be free of human use, cruelty, confinement and use. She also stated that biotechnology could be bad for animals with them possibly suff ering from painful side effects. These include animals such as the broiler chicken, which are being bred to grow too fast for their legs to support their way, causing them discomfort. Since â€Å"The Origin of Species† by Charles Darwin was published in 1859, we are gradually starting to understand life better and better. His theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the best-substantiated theories in the history of science, having been supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines. Since then, many scientists have contributed to the discovery and understanding of the structure of DNA. The development of powerful laboratory techniques, most of which came in after 1970, have enabled us to study and manipulate genes that have the potential to alter the path of evolution. While we celebrate our achievements on the advancement in scientific understanding and technology, we should ask our selves if we should manipulate the genes of species Just because it can be done. So Ladies and Gentlemen, in conclusion, we believe the ethical considerations outweigh the benefits of transgenic species especially in a commercial or massive scale to produce food. How to cite Genetically modified organism, Papers

An Introduction to Ethical Theory Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cybertechnology related Ethical Issues. Answer: Supreme Court sides with Samsung in Apple patent damages dispute Morality refers to the principles which create distinction between the right and the wrong actions. It is the standard of principles which are based on the philosophies, religion and actions of people which defines the code of conduct. In the business environment, several situations arise in which the managers struggle from ethical dilemma in which a certain course of action will breach the different ethical principles. The ethical dilemma is defined as a complex situation in which obeying one moral philosophy results in the transgression of other philosophies. In the recent years, several moral theories have emerged which have conflicting views. The most popular moral theories are utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract (Birsch, 2013). These moral theories or frameworks are based on different viewpoints and justifies different course of actions. However, the essence of all these theories is to distinguish right actions from the wrong actions and makes the world a better plac e. In this regard, the following essay examines the ethical issue of intellectual property rights infringement by Samsung of the Apple iPhones. Apple is a pioneer mobile manufacturing organization. The company is famous for manufacturing iPhones with exceptional features which has developed drastic fan following. Many companies are trying to copy the designs of the company; but, remained unsuccessful. Recently, Samsung was able to copy several designs and product features of iPhone and integrated them in the product design. It was a serious case of intellectual property theft and the stealing of the efforts of several product design engineers of Apple. When the company files a case against Samsung, it obtained large compensation amount in lower court, but the Supreme Court of Australia ruled that Samsung was not liable for all the compensation imposed. It was stated that the company was not liable for all the profits from the sales of the phone but from the profits of the components that infringe the copyright laws (Balakrishnan, 2016). According to the utilitarian theory, an action can be judged as right or wrong based on its possible outcomes. The theory states that a person should move beyond ones interest and takes into account the interest of other people. Utilitarianism states that any course of action is morally correct, which has better outcomes for the society (Shafer-Landau, 2012). During the evaluation of the ruling of the Supreme Court from this theory, it can be stated that the action is morally correct. Although, the action of intellectual property infringement is unjustified; however, imposing heavy penalty on the company will discourage other companies for incremental innovation. They will get skeptical if changes introduced by them will come under the category of copyright infringement (Garber, 2008). If the government will impose heavy penalty for the actions of management of the organization, it will be wrong for the shareholders of the company. They will suffer from decreased share value. Moreover, imposing penalty for the designs developed by the Samsung will be wrong to the company. The action is justified by the utilitarianism as it assisted in bringing the unique features and designs of iPhones to common people. It can be posited that the Apples iPhone are costly and can only be bought by affluent class. Samsung made the phones approachable to the middle class people and thus contributed to the welfare of the society (Timmons, 2012). The deontological philosophy of ethics state that the morality of action is based on a set of rules. The deontological ethics is based on certain obligations and not on their consequences. It states that if an action is right, then it is right regardless of it consequences. There are three basic principles of the deontological. Firstly, all the people must adhere to a certain morality standard or framework. If a person is following a different moral standard, then he cannot be held responsible for their actions. Morality should be distinguished to from the basic inclination or feelings. Thirdly, morality is derived from reasons or logic not from experience (Farrell, 2010). It can be reviewed that according to this deontological ethics, Samsung was a wrong doer in the situation and must be punished. Samsung copied the features of the designs of Apple iPhones. It has theft of the hard work of the Apples design engineers. According to deontological theory, a person or organization must not engage in ethically wrong actions regardless of the consequences. When the case is evaluated with this theory, it can be evaluated that although Samsung has done a good work of making technology more accessible, it cannot be considered as a morally justified action, as theft is considered as morally wrong in any morality framework (Waluchow, 2003). Virtue ethics refers to the normative ethical theory which states that an individuals character is important for ethical thinking. The virtue ethics emphasizes that an individuals character is essential in ethical thinking. It states that rather than rules or consequences, the virtues of people are important for ethical thinking. Samsung is a large multinational organization, which abides by the ethical principles and values. The business organizations follow certain ethical principles or code of conduct for ethical business (Melden 2013). They also need to abide by the government laws and legislations. However, Samsung did not follow ethical business practices. Copying the features of the Apples iPhones, the company stole the investment and the hard work of the company. Therefore, according to virtue ethics, the theft of intellectual property can be categorized as an immoral action. Social contract theory states that the morals of a person are dependent upon the contract or agreement which they form in the society they live. The contractual ethical theory is different from other normative theories as it states that an individual seek the public justification of moral principles through social contracts. It states that an individual shows or perform as particular action, principle or practice because other people are in favor of that action, principle and practice (Oxley, 2011). According to this theory, the action of Samsung is immoral as the company is operating in international markets. Therefore, it should be concerned regarding the welfare of the society. The primary stakeholders of the company are its customers which mean that the company should focus on developing positive relations with them. In this regard, it can be critiqued that the action of the company is moral when evaluated from the perspective of this theory. The company is making state-of-art te chnology more accessible to the customers. The people are able to use latest technology and derive benefits from it. However, it also encourages stealing and larceny. The people can get inspired by this action and disregard the intellectual property and labor of other people (Rawls, 2009). It can be concluded that the action of the company is immoral. Stealing the intellectual property of other people and organization is an immoral action as it disregards the financial and time investment in the development of technology. Although, some moral theories categorizes it as moral action because it makes technology more accessible to the general public, it is an immoral action as ethical framework cannot categorize stealing of others hard work as a legitimate action. Utilitarianism states that the morality of actions can be judged according to its consequences. However, the present action is spreading the value of disregard of the intellectual property rights. It can be critiqued from the essay that the action is immoral and government should impose penalty on the organization to control future intellectual property breaches in the company. References Farrell, M.E. (2010). Ethics: A University Guide. Progressive Frontiers Pubs. Oxley, J. (2011). The Moral Dimensions of Empathy: Limits and Applications in Ethical Theory and Practice. Springer. Birsch, D. (2013). Introduction to Ethical Theories: A Procedural Approach. Waveland Press. Shafer-Landau, R. (2012). Ethical Theory: An Anthology. John Wiley Sons. Melden A. (2013). Ethical Theories. Read Books Ltd. Waluchow, W.J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. Broadview Press. Rawls, J. (2009). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press. Timmons, M. (2012). Moral Theory: An Introduction. Plymouth: Rowman Littlefield. Garber, P.R. (2008). The Ethical Dilemma. Human Resource Development. Balakrishnan, A. (2016). Supreme Court sides with Samsung in Apple patent damages dispute. Retrieved on 3 may 2017 from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/12/06/supreme-court-rules-for-samsung-in-apple-patent-case.html